General

Slumbering Internet

George Dyson just did an Edge piece dubbed “Engineers Dream”.

What if analog was not really over? What if the digital matrix had now become the substrate upon which new, analog structures were starting to grow?

Recommended read.

Here’s more on the Law of Requisite Variety from Principia Cybernetica.

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Holy fucking shit, it’s the 80’s!

There is frequent talk of computers and cellphones converging and becoming readily available for use in the developing world. Let’s analyze that statement with regard to time, financial incentives of companies such as Nokia, and the economic prospectus for the developing world as it is.

Currently two billion people have access to cellphones, which are providing a severe jump in infrastructure all over the place. It is expected that within the next five to ten years every human on earth will have access to a cell phone. This is based on direct trend analysis without much regard to means, but let’s take it as a given.

If this is the case, then most likely what will happen in the short term is that older phones used in the west will trickle down the line to be sold or given away second hand in developing countries - now I’m not talking about places like urban areas in India, where almost everybody already has a cellphone, but rather places like the Indian province of Kerala, or perhaps Burma or rural Thailand, or even Malawi. So second-hands filter down, infrastructure is raised, all the while in the west our cell phones become like 1990’s level supercomputers, with big screens, fast uplinks and high levels of interactivity.

This is not a bad way of doing it, and what’s probably going to happen is that the cell phone emergence in the developing world will cause a massive positive feedback loop of innovation and economic growth. Couple that with appropriate technology and you’ll see numerous other trends:

  • Decreased fatalities due to smoke from open fires, malnutrition, simple bacterial or viral infections, and that kind of poverty related death.
  • Decreased birth rate, connected to higher quality of life, availability of contraceptives, and lower infant mortality rate.
  • Increased global food output
  • Increased levels of organic farming on a global scale
  • Far higher average GDP globally, and less scedasticity overall

But this is all grounded on the added functionality expected of cellphones during this inevitable convergence, e.g. built-in global positioning, fast internet access, high resolution screens, USB host inputs on devices, all of which could provide for things like:

  • Location specific agricultural instrumentation and satellite based fertility analysis provided directly to farmers on the land, so they can get specific recommendations for plantation.
  • SmartAID - cell phone based expert system for first aid and disaster response; essentially a simple AI strapped onto a Wiki, channeled through a cellphone.
  • Cellphone based microcredit/mutual credit banking systems.
  • Identity management, voting registration and direct democracy.
  • Public safety announcements, etc.

For some of these any modern cellphone, dating back to 1998, will do. But for many of these services you need to be far further along the convergence pathway.

Which is why rebooting tech is a smart idea.

With $10 in parts today you can build a 20 MHz network-capable computer that’s roughly equivalent to a cheap home computer of the early 1980’s. Connect it to either a TV or a cheap LCD screen, for example a Nokia 3310 screen (pictured), and a keyboard, and you’ve got yourself a really simple teletype terminal.

Nokia front - picture: Dhananjay Gadre

So, instead of waiting patiently for the convergence to reach developing rural areas, which is 10-20 years from now at current rate, you use what exists to push general computing into 1980’s level tech. Make it available to people, and you’ll have an emergent hacker culture.

Now, for text only teletype terminals to interface with the best resources of the day, we’re going to need a few things:

  • BBSWikipedia - a small C application that runs natively on AVR microcontrollers, for example, that can download Wikitext directly from Wikipedia or other Wikis, parse it, and display it on a 80×25 type display (or less!), with links active but images omitted and tables severely simplified. This could be just a port of Links, but then it would have to have significantly improved offline caching support, because
  • we really need stable Internet connections; and while this could mean waiting for proper broadband penetration in rural areas, it more likely means backing up a bit and using cellphones as dial up modems for a while. At any rate, we can’t assume the existence of persistent network connectivity for a while, so people must have a way to back their shit up while offline so that they can schedule downloads and stuff.

Essentially, what I’m talking about doing is making a cheap platform for 1980’s style tech and use technological paradigms of the era as a migratory step until there’s something better. Something better will arrive a lot faster than it did the first time round, that’s almost certain, but having something workable really fast is definitely a win.

How insane is this idea?

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In good company

“The average westerner is so indoctrinated into scarcity that abundance is foreign.” - Marcin Jakubowski

Perhaps the quote of the year. This was said in response to James Edwards, who said, amongst other things:

“Fundamentalists, radicals, revolutionaries, nonviolent resistors, nonconformists, centralists, anarchists, hackers, neo-tribalists, the working poor, peasants, and indigenous peoples all would share at least the common aspiration of abundance and could be united under the umbrella of this new political economy. Brilliant.”

Over the last year I have become aquainted with many of the best minds in the world. James is a recent addition to this amazing entourage, but here he pulls it together in a magnificent way.

I’m so glad to be a part of this coming revolution.

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Stóriðja endurskoðuð

Eftir allt hafarí síðustu ára liggur við að hvert mannsbarn á Íslandi þekkji framleiðsluferli áls að einhverju leyti: Bauxít, álríkt málmgrýti sem er aðallega fenginn úr yfirborðsnámum í Ástralíu, Kína, Brasilíu og nokkrum öðrum löndum, er flutt til annarra landa þar ýmist orka eða vinnuafl er ódýrt, þar sem hún er hreinsuð með gríðarlega orkufreku ferli: fyrst er málmgrýtið hitað í þrýstitönkum upp í 150-200°C og blandað við natríum hýdroxíð (svokallað Bayer ferli) og þannig er rauðleitur leir að nafni gibbsít einangrað. Gibbsítið er svo hitað upp í 1000°C, en þá bráðnar það, og þá er það rafgreint með ærnum tilkostnaði með svokölluðu Hall-Héroult ferli. Einhver afbrigði af þessu ferli eru til og margt fleira sem kemur til, en þetta er sæmileg nálgun.

hall-heroult_sml.png

En hér skal staldrað við. Hví bauxít? Aðeins lítið brot þess áls sem finnst á jörðinni er bundið í þessa tilteknu gerð málmgrýtis, en stærsti hlutinn er bundinn í mun algengara grjóti á borð við andalúsít, kyanít og öðrum alúmínósilikötum. Eina raunverulega ástæðan fyrir því að bauxít er notað er vegna þess að úrvinnsluferli þess hefur verið mest notað sögulega og var eitt af þeim fyrstu sem uppgötvaðist.

Önnur aðferð sem hefur verið mun minna notuð var þróuð til að vinna ál úr leirtegund sem heitir kaolín. Grundvallaratriðið í þeirri aðferð er að hægt er að sleppa rafgreiningu alfarið og ná álinu með einföldu efnaferli: Leirinn er mulinn og hann kalsíumbættur við c.a. 750°C. Því næst er vítissódi blandaður við það og álið flýtur upp. Ferlinu er lýst mun nánar í Bandarísku einkaleyfi 4388280, sem rann út árið 2003, en auðvitað eru svo til fræðibækur sem lýsa þessu líka.

Hvort að þessi aðferð skili frá sér minna af gróðurhúsalofttegundum og annarskyns mengun en rafgreiningarferlið veit ég ekki, en þó tel ég það víst að þar sem að þetta ferli er mun orkusparnara væri hægt að reisa álver án þess að þurfa að reisa stórar raforkuvirkjanir.

 

kaolin_pink.jpg

Ekki það að við þurfum neitt á fleiri álverum að halda. Í skjölum frá Century Aluminum sem ég kom höndum yfir fyrir nokkrum mánuðum (látum það liggja milli hluta hvernig það átti sér stað) kom skýrt fram að í dag væri framleiðslugeta þeirra frekar langt umfram eftirspurn á heimsmarkaði, og var eingöngu vegna framleiðslutaps í Kína árið 2006 sem þeir náðu að halda niðri vörulager sínum. Væntanlega verður töluvert framleiðslutap á þessu ári líka, en miðað við 7% árlega aukningu á eftirspurn á áli á heimsvísu – tala sem þeir gefa sér – munu þeir samt ekki lenda í framleiðsluvanda fyrr en eftir tæpan áratug. Svipaða sögu má sennilega segja af Alcoa og öðrum álrisum.

Í dag er áætlað að hvert mannsbarn í Kanada standi fyrir um 27 kílóa neyslu á hreinu áli á ári. Miðað við sömu neyslu hér á landi má gera ráð fyrir að á meðalævi, um 80.7 ár skv. Hagstofu Íslands, sé hver einstaklingur ábyrgur fyrir um 2,2 tonnum af áli. Sú tala heldur áfram að hækka. Bandaríska stofnunin CRI áætlar að aðeins um 52% álumbúða fari í endurvinnslu á lífsferli sínum, en miðað við að um 20% áls fer í umbúðir af þessu tagi er hægt að búast við um 220 kílóum af áli sem má finna í sorpgryfjum landsins fyrir hvern einstakling á Íslandi eftir tæp hundrað ár.

220 kíló af hreinu áli, urðað. Það er slatti.

 

Fenúr - Fagráð um Endurnýtingu Úrgangs

Mannkynið reiðir sig í sífellt auknum mæli á ál sem eitt af undirstöðuefnum samfélagsins. Þó tekur það senn að breytast vegna framfara í koltrefjaefnum. Koltrefjar eru mun léttari og sterkari en ál, og hafa auk þess meiri tilheygingu til að sveigjast en að brotna – gjarnan er talað um að efnið sé meira “lifandi”, jafn asnalega og það hljómar. Þetta þýðir þó að flugvélar á borð við nýju Boeing 787-Dreamliner vélina, sem smíðaðar eru úr koltrefjum í stað áls, eru í fyrsta lagi mun léttari, og í annan stað eru mun minni líkur á að eitthvað brotni í þeim. Dreamliner þoturnar eru með það sveigjanlega vængi að ef að vélin lendir einhverra hluta vegna í frjálsu falli geta vængirnir svignað þar til þeir snertast fyrir ofan vélina, sem er mun jákvæðari hegðun en að þeir brotni hreinlega af.

Sömuleiðis eru bílar sem smíðaðir eru úr koltrefjum mun þolnari gagnvart árekstrum. Minniháttar dældir laga sig bara. Auk þess, við árekstur, þá tekur koltrefjagrind á sig mikið af afli árekstursins eins og hlaup, sem eykur öryggi bílstjóra og farþega til muna. Brotþol koltrefja er um tólf sinnum meiri per fermeter en í stáli. Það hvað koltrefjarnar eru léttar gerir það einnig að verkum að eldsneytisþörfin er mun minni. Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) áætlar í bók sinni, Winning the Oil Endgame, að eingöngu 6% afls í venjulegum bíl fer í það að koma bílstjórnaum milli staða – afgangurinn er varmatap í vél, núningur bílsins við jörðina, og svo afl í að yfirvinna massa bílsins sjálfs. Með því að gera bílinn 50% léttari mætti minnka eldsneytisþörf um 68% samkvæmt RMI.

 

Koltrefjabíll

Íslendingar hafa verið á álfylleríi í langan tíma og það er byrjað að hafa verulega slæmar afleiðingar fyrir okkur með tilliti til efnahags, mengunarmála og ímyndar Íslands út á við. Nú finnst mér vera tvennt skynsamlegt í stöðunni. Annað væri að taka nýjum álverum með miklum fyrirvara og leggja áherslu á að skoðuð séu mun vistvænni og orkusparneytnari framleiðsluferli á þeim álverum sem nú eru til – það ætti ekki undir nokkrum kringumstæðum að vera nauðsynlegt að reisa fleiri vatnsfallsvirkjanir á Íslandi á næstu áratugum, enda ætti frekar að reyna að minnka orkuþörf fyrirtækja og heimila. “Mjúk orka” er ódýrari fyrir alla.

Í bókinni Small is Profitable sýnir höfundurinn, Amory Lovins, með afgerandi hætti að engin raforkuvirkjun sem framleiðir meira en 100 MW hafi nokkurntíman verið arðbær til lengri tíma litið þó svo að skammtímaávinningurinn sé ef til vill nokkur. Kárahnjúkavirkjun hefur rafmagnsframleiðslugetu upp á 780 MW, og miðað við samninga ríkisins við álrisana væri allótrúlegt ef að kostnaðurinn við að reisa virkjunina myndi skila sér til baka á líftíma hennar.

 

karahnjukar.jpg

Hitt, sem væri hægt að gera, væri að skoða möguleika á að stofna koltrefjaverksmiðjur á Íslandi. Framleiðsla koltrefjaefna er raunar í dag frekar óvistvænt ferli, en eflaust mætti bæta það mjög mikið með góðu hugviti. Það væri firra að reiða efnahag Íslands á ál nú þegar koltrefjar hafa möguleika á að taka við af stórum hluta þeirra verkefna sem ál er notað í.

Svo auðvitað mætti líka spyrja sig hvort að stóriðja sé nokkuð svo sniðug. Minni framleiðslueiningar og staðvær framleiðsla eru hugmyndir sem hafa margsannað sig á síðustu áratugum. Þessi tilhneyging til að vilja hafa allt stórt er byggt á þeim algenga misskilningi að stofnkostnaður sé fasti eða vaxi mjög hægt þegar skalað sé upp, eins og allir starfsmenn fyrirtækisins Goretex gætu útskýrt mjög vel.

Margar mítur eru til, sérstaklega hvað snýr að iðnaði. Ef að það er einhver lexía sem við hefðum öll gott af því að læra, þá er það að mjög mikilvægt sé að spyrja sig réttu spurninganna. Hvað stóriðnað, virkjanagerð og mengunarmál varðar á Íslandi þá hafa menn verið að spyrja kolrangra spurninga allt of lengi.

Nokkrar heimildir og ýtarefni:

Economics
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Global Swadeshi Dialogues: Interview with me

The new Global Swadeshi Dialogue is up. It’s about one and a half hours of me and Vinay talking about really hard core stuff.  I hope it’s worth the watch.

Digital Freedom
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Fab Labs in Fréttablaðið

My colleague Frosti got a big picture of himself in Fréttablaðið today, along with a pretty neat article:

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(Click to enlarge)

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Interviewed by Elisabeth Carlson

My good friend Elisabeth Carlson did an article for the Swedish Grøn Ungdom magazine which comes out soon, wherein she interviewed myself along with Haakon Karlsen jr. from the MIT Fab Lab in Lyngseidet, Norway and Jasper Darmark from the Malmø Fab Lab in Sweden. I’ll post a link when it’s up, but be warned, it’s in Swedish

Here are Elisabeth’s questions and my answers, which were used for the article:

Is Fab Lab going to save the world? If so, in what way?

Yes and no. “Saving the world” is a bit vague. What Fab Labs are going to do is break a lot of the assumptions that our society makes about scarcity on the one hand and the boundaries between the activities of individuals and institutions on the other hand.

Fab Labs represent a peer-to-peer model for technological empowerment, education, design, and production, by taking technology that used to cost billions of kronas and bring it down to an intermediate level, cheap enough that every town or every school should be able to afford one. Thirty years from now we’re hoping that everybody can have a molecular assembler in their home, but until then Fab Labs are bringing the technology to people and democratizing innovation.

So that’s one side of the “saving the world” issue. Another interesting one came up yesterday during a discussion. Fab Labs are all over the place, with new ones popping up all the time. They’re all connected in a large informal network, and they all have access to the same digital design tools. One thing that we can do with regards to climate change is to create cheap but powerful networked sensor packages that take measurements of temperature, air pressure, humidity, and various light spectrums, for example, and aggregate them into a global database. This database would grow fairly organically and could become something of a grassroots climate change watchdog system. Knowing exactly what the problem is is one of the first steps towards fixing it, and this can help with that.

How is your work approving, are you just trying to find money for the project or are you building the lab? how is it going to look like when it is finished?

The Fab Lab project in Iceland is being run by the Icelandic Innovation Center (www.nmi.is), with special support from the ministry of Industry. So now that funding isn’t a major issue - it’s always an issue I’m afraid - we’re focusing on building the lab itself and making battle plans for the next year.

When we’re finished building it it’s going to be in a very public place and hopefully we’ll have a flux of people dropping in off the street with great ideas. That the lab should become a hub where great people and great ideas should meet up is our goal. Hopefully there will be a lot of economic activity coming from this, but education is our primary goal at the moment.

Who owns FabLab? Is it Neil? Or is it some kind of board who owns it together?

Nobody “owns” Fab Lab. It started out as a project at Neil’s lab at MIT, the Center for Bits and Atoms, and it started out as an accident. What happened is that when they did an outreach project as part of a grant fulfillment they found themselves overwhelmed by people who wanted to do   stuff in labs. Before long they were popping upp all over the place.

Each individual lab is owned by somebody in the local environment. The San Diego lab is owned by a NGO called Heads on Fire. The Vestmannaeyjar lab is owned by the Icelandic Innovation Center. The South African labs are owned by the South African government. In Barcelona the lab is owned by the Institute for Advanced Architecture in Catalonia. Different labs have different owners, and different owners have different focuses: Barcelona focuses on arts and design, the lab that’s being built in Jallalabad, Afghanistan is mostly focused on healthcare, with a sideline to try to spur economic growth and self-sufficiency (or, as Ghandi said it, swadeshi).

Still, it´s not a  matter of destroying the massproduction in the world by replacing it, it is more a way how to make your own dreams come true.i e the scream-machine, the girl seems very satisfied with it, but maybe just for a while, what will happen afterwards? Will people still invent STUFF instead of maybe think about what is REALLY missing in their lives i e love.. relations.. family and so on. ???

Mass production isn’t threatened by Fab Labs at the moment. In the future, when molecular assemblers become a reality, there will be far less need for industrial era style mass production; content production (designing objects) and giving/selling them on the Internet has the potential to replace mass production.

Personal fabrication is interesting, but I think it won’t be the key thing forever. While everybody wants to be unique, /things/ aren’t a very good way to express their uniqueness - love, relationships, art, and so on are a far better way to do that.

But there’s a distinct hacker element to all of this. Why design an object in a world of abundance, if not for the love of it? Why work with people half way across the world if not to make new friends and deepen relationships? Fab Labs are about technology, yes. But at the end of the day we always have to remember that technology is about people. Whenever technology is diminishing our ability to love, play, live free and create in harmony with other humans, it is failing its goal.

Since the industrial revolution we’ve seen it fail over and over again - technology being used against people, for example. But what always characterizes malign technology is that it’s not built by individuals but by institutions where group intellects govern. Fab Labs, by democratizing the act of production, are a potential solution to this. If technology is about people, then let the people have the technology.

Is there some kind of timeline of what happened with FabLab since the beginning, in 2001?

Not really. It’s a story worth compiling and telling, but so much has happened that I don’t think there’s really any one person who could objectively compile that story at the moment.

I don´t remember how many hours you get paid for working with fablab every month,please tell me again :)

A standard working month in Iceland is 173,3 hours, according to national union agreements. I work full time on Fab Labs now, but I get most of my best work done outside the “office hours”, when I’m sitting around having conversations with great people figuring out the next steps. It’s all about people.

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John Venn on scarcity

The diminution of irregularity is exemplified, amongst other things, in the case of staple products which supply our necessary food and clothing. With respect to them, famine and scarcity are by comparison almost unknown now, at any rate in tolerably civilized communities. As a consequence of this, and of the vast improvements in the means of transporting goods and conveying intelligence, the fluctuations in the price of such articles are much less than they once were. In other directions, however, the reverse has been the case. Fashion, for instance, now induces so many people in every large community simultaneously to desire the same thing, that great fluctuations in value may ensue.

- John Venn, The Logic of Chance (p 370-371)

 Written by John Venn (of Venn Diagram fame, unfortunately little else of his work has receive popular attention) in 1866. It shows that scarcity wasn’t even very real back then.

Sustainable technology
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Global Swadeshi Dialogues

Marcin and Vinay did a great dialogue over on Global Swadeshi, out today. Check it out.



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I will derive

This is a nice reminder of how fun mathematics is. Thanks Vinay for the link.



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